Volume 32,Issue 5,2004 Table of Contents
2004, 32(5):305-310.
Abstract:
從一維湍流能量平衡方程出發(fā),回顧了近幾十年湍流能量平衡方程中的各項(xiàng)以及Karman常數(shù)k的研究成果,總結(jié)了大氣邊界層湍流能量交換特征的研究概況和熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,并對(duì)今后發(fā)展趨勢(shì)做了展望。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,湍流能量平衡方程中的各項(xiàng)在不同條件下有不同的形式;傳統(tǒng)的能量產(chǎn)生和耗散的局地平衡假設(shè)存在不足,特別是在不穩(wěn)定條件下,垂直的湍流輸運(yùn)和壓力脈動(dòng)對(duì)湍流能量收支起了非常重要的作用。Karman常數(shù)與Rossby數(shù)和Reynolds數(shù)無(wú)關(guān),在比較光滑的下墊面上k近似等于040±001。
從一維湍流能量平衡方程出發(fā),回顧了近幾十年湍流能量平衡方程中的各項(xiàng)以及Karman常數(shù)k的研究成果,總結(jié)了大氣邊界層湍流能量交換特征的研究概況和熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,并對(duì)今后發(fā)展趨勢(shì)做了展望。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,湍流能量平衡方程中的各項(xiàng)在不同條件下有不同的形式;傳統(tǒng)的能量產(chǎn)生和耗散的局地平衡假設(shè)存在不足,特別是在不穩(wěn)定條件下,垂直的湍流輸運(yùn)和壓力脈動(dòng)對(duì)湍流能量收支起了非常重要的作用。Karman常數(shù)與Rossby數(shù)和Reynolds數(shù)無(wú)關(guān),在比較光滑的下墊面上k近似等于040±001。
2004, 32(5):311-315.
Abstract:
A review is given of water vapor transport features over the Meiyu belt along the Yangtze River valley, the teleconncetion dynamic structure of strong signal forcing sources (Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and tropical oceans) for droughts/floods in the Yangtze River valley, and the water vapor transport source/sink structure related with monsoon Meiyu rainfall. Through synthetic analyses, some results are obtained: The dynamic effect of the Plateau contributes to the long distance water vapor transport, turning at the Plateau from lower latitude oceans to the Yangtze River valley. The oceanic strong signals have influence on the regional drought/flood disastrous climate anomaly. As well, the dynamic mechanisms for two dimensional Rossby wave and low frequency wave energy propagation are explored.
A review is given of water vapor transport features over the Meiyu belt along the Yangtze River valley, the teleconncetion dynamic structure of strong signal forcing sources (Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and tropical oceans) for droughts/floods in the Yangtze River valley, and the water vapor transport source/sink structure related with monsoon Meiyu rainfall. Through synthetic analyses, some results are obtained: The dynamic effect of the Plateau contributes to the long distance water vapor transport, turning at the Plateau from lower latitude oceans to the Yangtze River valley. The oceanic strong signals have influence on the regional drought/flood disastrous climate anomaly. As well, the dynamic mechanisms for two dimensional Rossby wave and low frequency wave energy propagation are explored.
2004, 32(5):316-321.
Abstract:
The soil plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Plant root water uptake is an important part of the research on water transforming patterns in SPAC. Concerning the impact of root water uptake from the soil, the current root water uptake models are discussed by three categories: theoretical, semi theoretical and semi empirical, empirical models. It is pointed out that the future research focus will be put on the mechanism research of root water uptake, the modification and improvement of the existing root water uptake models, the simplification of model parameters, and the application in practice.
The soil plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Plant root water uptake is an important part of the research on water transforming patterns in SPAC. Concerning the impact of root water uptake from the soil, the current root water uptake models are discussed by three categories: theoretical, semi theoretical and semi empirical, empirical models. It is pointed out that the future research focus will be put on the mechanism research of root water uptake, the modification and improvement of the existing root water uptake models, the simplification of model parameters, and the application in practice.
2004, 32(5):322-328.
Abstract:
采用η坐標(biāo)中尺度有限區(qū)域模式進(jìn)行了數(shù)字化天氣雷達(dá)探測(cè)降水資料的一維變分(1DVAR)同化試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明充分利用高時(shí)空分辨率的雷達(dá)降水資料所包含的豐富的中尺度信息,調(diào)整濕度廓線,從而改善模式初始濕度場(chǎng),能有效提高模式暴雨預(yù)報(bào)能力。“98·7”鄂東沿江特大暴雨的數(shù)值試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,應(yīng)用1DVAR方法同化1h雷達(dá)降水資料調(diào)整模式濕度廓線后,極大地縮小了分析降水與觀測(cè)降水間的差距,而且24h預(yù)報(bào)能模擬出與實(shí)際降水發(fā)生區(qū)域相對(duì)應(yīng)的位于鄂東的大暴雨區(qū),而變分前模式預(yù)報(bào)效果不佳。進(jìn)一步的分析表明,應(yīng)用雷達(dá)降水資料對(duì)短時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)(0～12h)的改進(jìn)更為顯著,而對(duì)12h之后降水預(yù)報(bào)的改善則不明顯。
采用η坐標(biāo)中尺度有限區(qū)域模式進(jìn)行了數(shù)字化天氣雷達(dá)探測(cè)降水資料的一維變分(1DVAR)同化試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明充分利用高時(shí)空分辨率的雷達(dá)降水資料所包含的豐富的中尺度信息,調(diào)整濕度廓線,從而改善模式初始濕度場(chǎng),能有效提高模式暴雨預(yù)報(bào)能力。“98·7”鄂東沿江特大暴雨的數(shù)值試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,應(yīng)用1DVAR方法同化1h雷達(dá)降水資料調(diào)整模式濕度廓線后,極大地縮小了分析降水與觀測(cè)降水間的差距,而且24h預(yù)報(bào)能模擬出與實(shí)際降水發(fā)生區(qū)域相對(duì)應(yīng)的位于鄂東的大暴雨區(qū),而變分前模式預(yù)報(bào)效果不佳。進(jìn)一步的分析表明,應(yīng)用雷達(dá)降水資料對(duì)短時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)(0～12h)的改進(jìn)更為顯著,而對(duì)12h之后降水預(yù)報(bào)的改善則不明顯。
2004, 32(5):329-332.
Abstract:
With Singular Cross Spectrum (SCS) method, the summer precipitation over Hebei Province from 1951 to 2002 and the coupled periodic signals of interaction between key areas in the 500 hPa height field fron February to March in the North Hemisphere were diagnosed and analyzed, and the annual and decadal variation characteristics of the array series were obtained. Based on SCSA and RCCS (Reconstructed Coupled Oscillation Component Series), in conjunction with regression analysis, the prediction model was established, with which the precipitation prediction of summer in Hebei Province was made and the result is satisfactory.
With Singular Cross Spectrum (SCS) method, the summer precipitation over Hebei Province from 1951 to 2002 and the coupled periodic signals of interaction between key areas in the 500 hPa height field fron February to March in the North Hemisphere were diagnosed and analyzed, and the annual and decadal variation characteristics of the array series were obtained. Based on SCSA and RCCS (Reconstructed Coupled Oscillation Component Series), in conjunction with regression analysis, the prediction model was established, with which the precipitation prediction of summer in Hebei Province was made and the result is satisfactory.
2004, 32(5):333-337342.
Abstract:
The intensity indexes of winter atmospheric circulation teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere from 1951/1952 to 2002/2003 were calculated and the secular variation and recent characteristics were analyzed. It is shown that the significant negative trend of WA (Western Atlantic) intensity index and the positive trend of PNA (Pacific/North American) intensity index become stronger in the recent ten years. The abrupt changes of their intensities occurred in the early 1980's when WA pattern weakening and in the middle 1970's when PNA pattern strengthening, respectively. The continued strengthening of the winter zonal circulation intensity and the continued weakening of the winter meridional circulation intensity were observed in the area of Asia and Eurasia in the recent ten years. This interdecadal changes of atmospheric circulation and teleconnection pattern intensity are one of important causes of climate changes over China in winter.
The intensity indexes of winter atmospheric circulation teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere from 1951/1952 to 2002/2003 were calculated and the secular variation and recent characteristics were analyzed. It is shown that the significant negative trend of WA (Western Atlantic) intensity index and the positive trend of PNA (Pacific/North American) intensity index become stronger in the recent ten years. The abrupt changes of their intensities occurred in the early 1980's when WA pattern weakening and in the middle 1970's when PNA pattern strengthening, respectively. The continued strengthening of the winter zonal circulation intensity and the continued weakening of the winter meridional circulation intensity were observed in the area of Asia and Eurasia in the recent ten years. This interdecadal changes of atmospheric circulation and teleconnection pattern intensity are one of important causes of climate changes over China in winter.
2004, 32(5):338-342.
Abstract:
Utilizing monthly average sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1951 to 1994, the correlative periods of SST and severe floods in Hubei Province were identified through lag correlation analysis. The sums of SST at the grid points in key areas were used as forecasting factors intimately associated with the severe floods in Hubei Province. The prediction curves of severe floods for different time periods were built up by using statistic methods. The method worked well in the past eight years in operational application, especially in 1996 and 1998 provided correct trend predictions of floods.
Utilizing monthly average sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1951 to 1994, the correlative periods of SST and severe floods in Hubei Province were identified through lag correlation analysis. The sums of SST at the grid points in key areas were used as forecasting factors intimately associated with the severe floods in Hubei Province. The prediction curves of severe floods for different time periods were built up by using statistic methods. The method worked well in the past eight years in operational application, especially in 1996 and 1998 provided correct trend predictions of floods.
2004, 32(5):343-347.
Abstract:
On the basis of data obtained from the autumn field experiment in Henan County of Qinghai Province and the 3D cloud model of CAMS, the natural cloud development processes were studied. The results show that the precipitation in the experiment areas was mainly determined by cold cloud raining processes and resulted from the melting of graupels into the warm layer; rain water evaporation is the main mechanism of rain water decrease; graupels play an important role in precipitation and their formation is closely related to ice crystals. Ice crystals are the main sources of graupels, which are produced mainly by auto conversion from ice crystal to graupel and a few grow by collection of ice crystals. AgI seeding should be done before ice nucleus largely activated, so rain enhancement can be improved by increasing ice crystals and decreasing super cool water.
On the basis of data obtained from the autumn field experiment in Henan County of Qinghai Province and the 3D cloud model of CAMS, the natural cloud development processes were studied. The results show that the precipitation in the experiment areas was mainly determined by cold cloud raining processes and resulted from the melting of graupels into the warm layer; rain water evaporation is the main mechanism of rain water decrease; graupels play an important role in precipitation and their formation is closely related to ice crystals. Ice crystals are the main sources of graupels, which are produced mainly by auto conversion from ice crystal to graupel and a few grow by collection of ice crystals. AgI seeding should be done before ice nucleus largely activated, so rain enhancement can be improved by increasing ice crystals and decreasing super cool water.
2004, 32(5):348-351.
Abstract:
The macroscopic conditions for the formation of hail clouds are discussed through analyzing the patterns, thermal and hygrometric stratification conditions and local features of mesoscale influencing systems occurred in severe hail days from 1980 to 2000 in the Beijing area. The features of the different influencing systems and their hail shooting characteristics are described. It is found out that the macroscopic formation conditions, source areas and moving tracks for hail clouds have obvious local features. The influencing systems of hail events in Beijing include such weather patterns as Low Trough Cold Front, Mongolia Vortex, Northwest Flow, and Northeast Vortex, within which the Low Trough Cold Front gives the greatest chance for hail shooting and the Northeast Vortex the least.
The macroscopic conditions for the formation of hail clouds are discussed through analyzing the patterns, thermal and hygrometric stratification conditions and local features of mesoscale influencing systems occurred in severe hail days from 1980 to 2000 in the Beijing area. The features of the different influencing systems and their hail shooting characteristics are described. It is found out that the macroscopic formation conditions, source areas and moving tracks for hail clouds have obvious local features. The influencing systems of hail events in Beijing include such weather patterns as Low Trough Cold Front, Mongolia Vortex, Northwest Flow, and Northeast Vortex, within which the Low Trough Cold Front gives the greatest chance for hail shooting and the Northeast Vortex the least.
2004, 32(5):352-356.
Abstract:
Through an experiment of rasterization for 30 year mean air temperature and 1961's mean air temperature data from 617 meteorological stations in China with ARC/INFO and four interpolation methods, it was found that the Kriging method resulted in the highest precision, IDW method the second, Spline method the third, Trend method the lowest. The perennial mean air temperature and annual temperature anomaly can be used to rasterize annual air temperature data. This method will result in less analysis and computation but lower precision compared with the rasterization using annual mean air temperature data only. There is difference between meteorological stations' actual elevation and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) values corresponding to the meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes. Rasterization of air temperature data relies DEM fully. However, the model based on meteorological stations' actual elevation will result in higher precision for rasterization of air temperature data than that based on the DEM values corresponding to meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes.
Through an experiment of rasterization for 30 year mean air temperature and 1961's mean air temperature data from 617 meteorological stations in China with ARC/INFO and four interpolation methods, it was found that the Kriging method resulted in the highest precision, IDW method the second, Spline method the third, Trend method the lowest. The perennial mean air temperature and annual temperature anomaly can be used to rasterize annual air temperature data. This method will result in less analysis and computation but lower precision compared with the rasterization using annual mean air temperature data only. There is difference between meteorological stations' actual elevation and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) values corresponding to the meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes. Rasterization of air temperature data relies DEM fully. However, the model based on meteorological stations' actual elevation will result in higher precision for rasterization of air temperature data than that based on the DEM values corresponding to meteorological stations' longitudes and latitudes.
2004, 32(5):357-362.
Abstract:
A quality verification of the day to day radiosonde data of seven stations from May 2002 to April 2003 was conducted and a characteristics analysis was made of temperature and water vapor profiles from radiosonde data in January, April, July and October. Theses profiles were compared with 43 profiles used frequently worldwide in radiative transfer calculation. The results show that atmospheric profiles in China have obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and have little relation with altitude. It is not enough to use the universal 43 profiles in the forward and retrieval calculations in China, so samples from China should be added.
A quality verification of the day to day radiosonde data of seven stations from May 2002 to April 2003 was conducted and a characteristics analysis was made of temperature and water vapor profiles from radiosonde data in January, April, July and October. Theses profiles were compared with 43 profiles used frequently worldwide in radiative transfer calculation. The results show that atmospheric profiles in China have obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and have little relation with altitude. It is not enough to use the universal 43 profiles in the forward and retrieval calculations in China, so samples from China should be added.
2004, 32(5):363-366.
Abstract:
利用風(fēng)云2號(hào)水汽通道的云圖進(jìn)行強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣的臨近預(yù)警，發(fā)現(xiàn)每小時(shí)1次的風(fēng)云2號(hào)云圖對(duì)強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣有著重要指示作用，尤其水汽圖反映了大氣中上層的水汽分布，水汽區(qū)的活動(dòng)、干濕區(qū)邊界、暗區(qū)等都與強(qiáng)對(duì)流的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切關(guān)系，并找出了可以作為臨近預(yù)警的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)，在2003年的幾次強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣預(yù)報(bào)中，風(fēng)云2號(hào)云圖發(fā)揮了很好的作用。
利用風(fēng)云2號(hào)水汽通道的云圖進(jìn)行強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣的臨近預(yù)警，發(fā)現(xiàn)每小時(shí)1次的風(fēng)云2號(hào)云圖對(duì)強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣有著重要指示作用，尤其水汽圖反映了大氣中上層的水汽分布，水汽區(qū)的活動(dòng)、干濕區(qū)邊界、暗區(qū)等都與強(qiáng)對(duì)流的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切關(guān)系，并找出了可以作為臨近預(yù)警的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)，在2003年的幾次強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣預(yù)報(bào)中，風(fēng)云2號(hào)云圖發(fā)揮了很好的作用。
2004, 32(5):367-371.
Abstract:
The operational display and assessment system of refined weather forecast products for Ningxia Aut. Reg. is introduced. The system acquires the refined weather forecast products, the local limited area meso scale numerical forecast model products and real time weather data from the Ningxia meteorological backbone network and displays them in different ways. The evaluation of forecast products in many ways can be objectively conducted in this system. It provides a strong support to the high temporal and density forecasting in Ningxia.
The operational display and assessment system of refined weather forecast products for Ningxia Aut. Reg. is introduced. The system acquires the refined weather forecast products, the local limited area meso scale numerical forecast model products and real time weather data from the Ningxia meteorological backbone network and displays them in different ways. The evaluation of forecast products in many ways can be objectively conducted in this system. It provides a strong support to the high temporal and density forecasting in Ningxia.
2004, 32(5):372-376.
Abstract:
在分析我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)資料現(xiàn)狀與特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了制定“全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象資料數(shù)據(jù)模式”必須遵循的基本原則，即以1993年版的《農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)規(guī)范》為依據(jù)、以現(xiàn)行“農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)記錄年報(bào)表”的內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)、符合氣象行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編寫(xiě)要求、具有延續(xù)性與可擴(kuò)展性、面向現(xiàn)代化數(shù)據(jù)管理和應(yīng)用服務(wù)等，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)模式的結(jié)構(gòu)和主要技術(shù)特點(diǎn)也進(jìn)行了比較詳細(xì)的論述。數(shù)據(jù)模式的研制將有助于現(xiàn)存的農(nóng)業(yè)氣象報(bào)表資料的數(shù)字化以及今后農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的采集、傳輸和處理自動(dòng)化的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
在分析我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)資料現(xiàn)狀與特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了制定“全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象資料數(shù)據(jù)模式”必須遵循的基本原則，即以1993年版的《農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)規(guī)范》為依據(jù)、以現(xiàn)行“農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)記錄年報(bào)表”的內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)、符合氣象行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編寫(xiě)要求、具有延續(xù)性與可擴(kuò)展性、面向現(xiàn)代化數(shù)據(jù)管理和應(yīng)用服務(wù)等，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)模式的結(jié)構(gòu)和主要技術(shù)特點(diǎn)也進(jìn)行了比較詳細(xì)的論述。數(shù)據(jù)模式的研制將有助于現(xiàn)存的農(nóng)業(yè)氣象報(bào)表資料的數(shù)字化以及今后農(nóng)業(yè)氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的采集、傳輸和處理自動(dòng)化的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
2004, 32(5):377-380.
Abstract:
The inquiry and real time monitoring system of agricultural droughts in the Inner Mongolia Region was established by means of technical methods such as GIS, Visual basic and Access,Considering the characteristics of agricultural droughts and dry damage, as well as drought impact on crop growth in the Inner Mongolia Region. It consists of historical drought information, drought index and real time monitoring data in crop growing season from April to September in agricultural areas, and realized the comprehensive inquiry and the real time automatic collection and monitoring of drought information in agricultural areas, as well as the automatic real time processing of meteorological data and analysis assessment of dry damage. At the same time, the system provides the assessment of drought conditions every month and the analysis products of droughts in any time periods. It can offer reliable data for related departments.
The inquiry and real time monitoring system of agricultural droughts in the Inner Mongolia Region was established by means of technical methods such as GIS, Visual basic and Access,Considering the characteristics of agricultural droughts and dry damage, as well as drought impact on crop growth in the Inner Mongolia Region. It consists of historical drought information, drought index and real time monitoring data in crop growing season from April to September in agricultural areas, and realized the comprehensive inquiry and the real time automatic collection and monitoring of drought information in agricultural areas, as well as the automatic real time processing of meteorological data and analysis assessment of dry damage. At the same time, the system provides the assessment of drought conditions every month and the analysis products of droughts in any time periods. It can offer reliable data for related departments.
2004, 32(5):381-383.
Abstract:
In order to simplify data statistic and analysis procedures in editing monthly agrometeorological bulletins for agrometeorological staff, an integrated agrometeorological information system was established by the Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau. By using the system, the data can be managed automatically, and the monthly agrometeorological bulletin can be formed and distributed to the associated stations, so to realize data sharing.
In order to simplify data statistic and analysis procedures in editing monthly agrometeorological bulletins for agrometeorological staff, an integrated agrometeorological information system was established by the Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau. By using the system, the data can be managed automatically, and the monthly agrometeorological bulletin can be formed and distributed to the associated stations, so to realize data sharing.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.